Ansible

2019-08-28-Ansible

Ansible

前话

  • IAAS(Infrastucture as a Service) ‘’基础设施即服务’’
  • PAAS(Platform as a Service) ‘’平台即服务’’
  • SAAS(Service as a Service) ‘’软件即服务’’

简介

ansible是新出现的自动化运维工具，基于Python开发，集合了众多运维工具（puppet、cfengine、chef、func、fabric）的优点，实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。

ansible是基于模块工作的，本身没有批量部署的能力。真正具有批量部署的是ansible所运行的模块，ansible只是提供一种框架。主要包括：
(1)connection plugins：负责和被监控端实现通信；
(2)host inventory：指定操作的主机，是一个配置文件里面定义监控的主机；
(3)各种模块核心模块、command模块、自定义模块；
(4)借助于插件完成记录日志邮件等功能；
(5)playbook：剧本执行多个任务时，非必需可以让节点一次性运行多个任务。

架构与原理

ansible 通过ssh实现配置管理、应用部署、任务执行等功能

安装:

RPM 方式

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mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo.backup
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo.backup
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo

yum install ansible

Git 方式

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git clone git://github.com/ansible.git --recursive
cd ./ansible
source ./hacking/env-setup

相关文件

  • 配置文件

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    /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 		# 主配置文件
    /etc/ansible/hosts 			# 主机清单
    /etc/ansible/roles 			# 存放角色

  • 程序

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    /usr/bin/ansible 				# 主程序
    /usr/bin/ansible-doc  		# 帮助文档
    /usr/bin/ansible-galaxy 		# Download/Upload Role Module
    /usr/bin/ansible-playbook 	# 定制自动化任务编排剧本工具
    /usr/bin/ansible-pull 		# 远程执行命令工具
    /usr/bin/ansible-vault		# 文件加密tool
    /usr/bin/ansible-console 	    # Terminal Tool

基本使用

ansible [options]

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[root@anyue ~]# /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg  
  61 host_key_checking = False         # 启用  
  101 log_path = /var/log/ansible.log  # 启用日志  
[root@anyue ~]# /etc/ansible/hosts	
  [group1]  
  hostIP1  
  hostIP2  

  [group2]  
  hostIP1  

  [group:children]  
  group1   
  group2

命令

命令 选项 说明
ansible-doc -a 显示所有模块文档
– -l,--list 列出可用模块,也可以指定模块
– -s,--snippet 指定模块playbook片段
ansible -m 指定模块,默认command模块
– -a 传递命令
– -k,--ask-pass 提示输入ssh密码,默认Key验证
– –list 显示主机
– -C,--check 测试执行过程
ansible-galaxy list 列出所装角色
– info 角色信息
– remove 删除角色
ansible-pull – 推送命令至远程
ansible-playbook -C 检查,不执行
– --limit hosts 在指定主机执行
– --list-hosts 列出运行任务的主机
ansible-vault encrypt 加密playbook
– decrypt
ansible-console – – 
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[root@anyue ansible]# ansible dbser --list
[root@anyue ansible]# ansible dbser -m ping -u root -k  
[root@anyue ansible]# ansible dbser -m command -u xy -k -a 'ls/root' -b -K # 默认为command

Host-pattern

  • all: 

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    ansible all -m ping

  • *: 

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    ansible "*" -m ping

  • 与或非关系: 

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    ansible 'dbser:webser' -m ping  # 或
    ansible 'dbser:&webser' -m ping # 与
    ansible 'dbser:!webser' -m ping # 非

常见模块

文件类操作模块

copy file blockinline lineinfile find replace fetch

1.copy

选项: src dest force backup owner group mode

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ansible all -m copy -a 'src=/root/ansible/selinux dest=/etc/selinux/config backup=yes'
ansible all -m copy -a 'src=/etc/shadow dest=/data/ mode=000 owner=xy' 
ansible all -m copy -a 'content="hello\world\n" dest=/data/f2 backup=yes mode=755 owner=root'

2.file(path,dest,name)

选项: path state src force owner group mode recurse 

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ansible dbsrv -m file 'path=/root/a.sh owner=xy mode=755'  
ansible dbsrv -m file 'src=/etc/fstab dest=/data/fstab-link state=link'  
ansible dbsrv -m file 'path=/home/state/test te=directory owner=xy group=xy recuser=yes'

3.blockinfile: 在指定的文件中插入”一段文本”

选项: path block marker state insertafter insertbefore backup create 

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ansible dbsvr -m blockfile -a 'path=/test/rc.local block="systemctl start mariadb\nsystemctl start httpd" marker="#{mark} service to start"'
ansible dbsvr -m blockfile -a 'path=/test/rc.local marker="#{mark} service to start" state=absent'

4.lineinfile:

选项: path line regexp state backrefs inserafter insertbefore backup create 

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# 确保某一行文本存在指定的文件中，若存在不做任何操作，默认在文件的末尾插入这行文本  
ansible dbsvr -m lineinfile -a 'path=/test/test.txt regexp="^line" line="test text"'  
ansible dbsvr -m -m lineinfile -a 'path=/test/test.txt regexp="(H.{4}).*(H.{4})" line="\2" backrefs=yes'

5.find

选项: path recurse hidden file_type patterns
use_regex contains age(s m h d w)
age_stamp(atime ctime mtime) size(t g m k b) get_checksum 

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ansible dbsvr -m find -a 'path=/test patterns="*.sh" file_type=any hidden=yes' 
ansible dbsvr -m find -a 'path=/test age=-4d age_stamp=atime recurse=yes'  # 4天以内

6.replace

选项: path regexp replace backup

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ansible dbsvr -m replace -a 'path=/test regexp="ASM" replace=asm backup=yes'

7.fetch(远程单个文件,可以先tar)

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ansible all -m fetch -a 'src=/var/log/message dest=/data'

命令类操作模块

command shell script

1.command(默认)

选项: free_form chdir creates removes 

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# 该模块不支持`$、<、>、|、;、&`等
ansible dbser -m command -a 'chdir=/data/f1.sh'
ansible dbser -a 'echo 123456 |passwd --stdin user1' # fail
ansible dbuser -k all -m command -a "ping -c 1 www.baidu.com"

2.shell

选项: free_form chdir creates removes executable

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ansible dbser -m shell -a 'cat /etc/passwd |awk -F: {print $1,$2}' &>/tmp/test.txt

3.script

选项: free_form chdir creates removes 

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#!/bin/bash
echo "hostname is $HOSTNAME"
ansible all -m script -a '/root/ansible/host.sh'

系统类模块

cron service user group hostname yum setup synchronize debug yum_repository

1.cron

选项: minute hour day month weekday
special_time user job name
state disabled backup 

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ansible all -m cron -a 'minute=* weekday=1,3,5 job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warnning" name=broadcast'  
ansible all -m cron -a 'disabled=true job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warnning" name=broadcast'  
ansible all -m cron -a 'job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warnning" name=broadcast state=absent'

2.service

选项: name state enabled

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ansible dbsvr -m service -a 'name=vsftpd state=started/stopped/reloaded/restarted enabled=true'

3.user

选项: name group gourps append shell uid
expires(指定用户过期时间) comment state
remove password update_passowrd(always on_create)
generate_ssh_key ssh_key_file ssh_key_passphrase ssh_key_type 

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ansible dbsvr -m user -a 'name=nginx shell=/sbin/nologin system=true home=/usr/local/nginx groups=root,bin uid=80 comment="nginx service"'
ansible dbsvr -m user -a 'name=nginx state=absent remove=true'

4.group

选项: name state gid 

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ansible dbsvr -m group -a 'name=nginx system=true gid=80'
ansible dbsvr -m  -a 'getent group nginx'
ansible dbsvr -m group -a 'name=nginx state=absent'

5.hostname

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ansible 192.168.30.103 -m hostname -a 'name=node1'

6.yum_repository && yum

选项: name baseurl description file enabled gpgcheck gpgcakey state 

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ansible dbsvr -m yum_repository -a 'name=AliEpel description="alibaba EPEL" baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/$releasever\Server/$basearch/'
ansible dbsvr -m yum_repository -a 'name=local baseurl=file://media description="local cd yum" enabled=no'

选项: name state disable_gpg_check enablerepo disablerepo 

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ansible dbsvr -m yum -a 'name=vsftpd,httpd state=installed'  
ansible dbsvr -m yum -a 'name=vsftpd,httpd state=removed'
ansible dbsvr -m yum -a 'list=installed'  
ansible dbsvr -m yum -a 'name=dstat update_cache=yes'

7.setup(内部变量)

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ansible all -m setup -a "filter=*memtotal*"  	# 查看 内部变量
ansible_memetotal_mb	# 4  
ansible all -m -a 'filter=ansible_memory_mb'

8.synchronize(目录文件同步,基于rsync命令工具)

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ansible -k all -m synchronize -a 'src=/tmp/ dest=/tmp compress=yes rsync_opts=--no-motd,--exclude=.txt'

9.debug

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ansible dbsvr -m debug -a "msg={{ansible_version}}"
---
- host: test01
  remote_user: root
  vars: 
    testvar: value of test variable
  tasks:
    - name: debug demo
      debug: 
        var: testvar
        msg: "value of testvar is: {{testvar}}"

---
- hosts: test02
  remote_user: root
  vars_prompt:
    - name: "Your_name"
      prompt: "What is your name"
    - name: "Your_age"
      prompt: "How old are you"
  tasks:
    - name: output vars
      debug:
        msg: Your name is {{Your_name}},You are {{Your_age}} years old.

ansible-playbook

PlayBook 是由一个或多个”play”组成的列表，play的主要功能是为Ansible中的task定义好角色–指定剧本对应的服务器组；task是一个任务，调用Ansible各种模块，将多个play组织在一个PlayBook剧本中，组成非常完整的流程控制集合。

剧本 <–task <–modules

Usage

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ansible-playbook [options] playbook.yml [playbook2 ...]
ansible-playbook --syntax-check sample.yml	# 测试是否由语法错误

语法

在YAML语法中，---表示文档开始，-作为开头也表示一个块序列的节点；
列表 -
字典 key: value 或者 { key1: value1, key2: value2, …}

Ansible的幂等性: 幂等性能够保持重复执行一项操作时，得到的结果是相同的，ansible是以“结果为导向的”，指定一个状态，ansible会自动判断，“当前状态”是否一致，如果一致，则不进行任何操作，不一致将当前状态变为目标指定状态。

key: value 可同行写也可换行写, 值可是字符串，也可是列表；

基础

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---
# test yml
- hosts: websrv
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: create new file  # describe
      file: name=/data/newfile 
            state=touch
    - name: create new user
      user: 
        name=test2 
        system=yes 
        shell=/sbin/nologin
    - name: install package
      yum: name=httpd

handler && notify || tags

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---
# apache service
- hosts: websrvs
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: install httpd package
      yum: name=httpd
      tags: inshttpd            # 标签，指定执行哪些任务
    - name: copy conf file
      copy: src=files/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf backup=yes
      notify: restart service   # 触发特性条件，跳过以下命令，执行指定handlers任务
    - name: start service
      service: name=httpd state=started enabled=true
      tags: reshttpd 		    # 标签
  handlers: 				        # 触发器，另一种形式的task
    - name: restart service
      service: name=httpd state=restarted
 
ansible-playbook -t inshttpd,reshttpd httpd.yml  # -t,--tags 指定执行标签

var 变量

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---
# var
- hosts: appserv
  remote: root
  vars:  				# 变量
    nginx:
    conf80: /etc/nginx/conf.d/80.conf
    conf8080: /etc/nginx/conf.d/8080.conf
  tasks:
    - name: task1
      file: 
        path="{{nginx.conf80}}" 
        state=touch
    - name: task2
      file: 
        path="{{nginx['conf8080']}}"
        state=touch
#############################
cat vars.yml
- var1: httpd
- var2: nginx
######
---
- hosts: web
  remote_user: root
  vars_files:
    - vars.yml
  tasks:
    - name: vreate httpd log
      file: name=/app/{{ var1 }}.log state=touch
    - name: vreate httpd log
      file: name=/app/{{ var2 }}.log state=touch

Template(Jinja2)

when

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---
# test template
- hosts: websrvs
  remove_user: root
  vars:
    - http_port: 88
  tasks:
    - name: install package
      yum: name=nginx
    - name: copy template
      template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf  # 模板
      when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7" 		  # 判断
      notify: restart service
    - name: copy template
      template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf  # 模板
      when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "6" 
      notify: restart service
    - name: start service
      service: name=nginx state=started enables=true
  handlers:
    - name: restart service
      service: name=nginx state=restarted 

# 查看内置变量, 修改 nginx 模板, 其它配置不变
ansible websrvs/all -m setup |grep cpu    

vim templates/nginx.conf.j2
  user nginx;  
  worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpu**2 }};  #
  server { listen	[::]:{{ http_port }} default_server; }

# vim /etc/ansible/hosts  
[websrvs]  
192.168.30.101 http_port=81  
192.168.30.102 http_port=82    

ansible-playbook -e "http_port=99" testtempl.yml

循环

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---
- hosts: websrvs 
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
  - name: create groups
    # item 用的是with_item的内容
    group: name={{ item }} state=present 
    with_items: 		# 列表循环 [], with_items: [1, 2, 3]
      - group1
      - group2
      - group3
  - name: create users
    user: name={{ item.name }} group={{ item.group }} state=present
    with_items:  			# 字典{key.value}
      - { name: 'user1', group: 'group1' } 
      - { name: 'user2', group: 'group2' } 
      - { name: 'user3', group: 'group3' }

for

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---
- hosts: websrvs
  remote_user: root
  vars:
    ports:
      - web1:
        port: 81
        # name: web1.xy.com
        rootdir: /data/website1
      - web2:
        port: 82
        name: web2.xy.com
        rootdir: /data/website2
      - web1:
        port: 83
        # name: web3.xy.com
        rootdir: /data/website2
  tasks:
    - name: copy conf
      templte: src=for1.conf.j2 dest=/data/for1.conf
###########
vim for1.conf.j2
    {% for i in ports %}
      server {
          listen {{ i.port }}
          servername {{ i.name }}
          documemtroot {{ i.rootdir }}
      }
    {% endfor %}

vim testfor.yml
---
- hosts: websrvs
  remote_user: root
  vars:
    ports:
      - 81
      - 82
      - 83
  task:
    - name:copy conf
      templtate: src=for1.conf.j2 dest=/data/for1.conf

if

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vim for4.conf.j2
  {% for i in ports %}
    server {
      listen {{ i.port }}
	    {% if i.name defined %}
        servername {{ i.name }}
      {% endif %}
      documemtroot {{ i.rootdir }}
    }
  {% endfor %}

Roles 角色

参考

Ansible
#Linux #Ansible
Ansible
https://anyu967.github.io/posts/a71433d.html
作者
anyu967
发布于
2019年8月28日
许可协议